France is home to over 60 tunnels of over 1,000m in length; four of those are over 10,000m in length and are often cited as modern engineering marvels.
We've compiled a list of the most impressive tunnels, from the ground-breaking Channel Tunnel to the Mount Blanc Tunnel, an architectural feat.
You can find more road and rail tunnels in our guide to the Major Mountain Roads, Passes and Tunnels of Europe.
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By the mid-1970s, it was apparent that the then twenty-year-old Mont Blanc Tunnel just wasn't built to accommodate the increasing numbers of vehicles driving between France and Italy, a new route was needed to ease congestion, and so came about the Fréjus Road tunnel.
Built parallel to the now redundant Fréjus Rail tunnel, it successfully levelled traffic numbers and took the strain off the Mont Blanc tunnel.
Following the 1999 Mont Blanc fire, the tunnel, like many other road tunnels across France and its neighbouring countries, implemented new and up-to-date safety measures.
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Formerly the holder of the 'Longest Road Tunnel in the World' title from 1959 - 1978, the Mont Blanc tunnel was one of the great engineering and architectural feats of the twentieth century.
After the French and Italian governments reached an agreement on the tunnel in 1949, a workforce of over 350 began boring in 1959 and 700 tonnes of explosives and six years later, the tunnel opened to the public.
In 1999 the tunnel suffered a major fire after a truck carrying flour, and margarine caught fire 2km into the tunnel. The resulting thick black smoke leading to low oxygen levels and lack of safety procedures at the time led to 37 people being killed. It led to a major safety overhaul of tunnels across Europe.
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Although no longer the world's longest rail tunnel (overtaken by the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland in 2016), it does still hold the titles of 'Longest Underwater Section of a Tunnel' and 'Longest International Tunnel' and is seen as the biggest engineering feat of the twentieth century
The idea of a cross-channel tunnel wasn't new. The concept was put forward as early as 1802, but the project wasn't realised until 1988, when tunnelling began on the French side. The famous handshake between the French and the British happened in 1990 when the two boring operations finally met in the middle 75m below the seabed.
The tunnel was formally opened by then-President Mitterrand and Queen Elizabeth II, and rail operations began soon after. Since its opening, more than 10 billion passengers have travelled through the tunnel between France and the UK.
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The Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel is located in the Western Alps and is currently under construction. When completed, it will connect Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in France with the Susa Valley in Italy. With a length of 57.5 km, it will be the longest rail tunnel in the world and an important link in the European rail network. Construction of the tunnel began in 2019 and is scheduled to be completed in 2025, though the whole line won't be operative until 2032.
Also known as the Mont Cenis Base Tunnel, the tunnel will provide a vital transportation link between France and Italy, reducing travel time between the two countries significantly. It will also serve as an important freight corridor, carrying goods between Northern Europe and the Mediterranean. The tunnel is part of the larger Turin-Lyon high-speed rail project, which aims to improve transportation connections between the two countries, and, ultimately, to connect Northern Europe with the Mediterranean. However, the project has been controversial due to concerns over environmental impact and cost, and has faced opposition from local communities and environmental groups.
The Rove Tunnel was a major work of civil engineering upon completion in the late 1920s. When it was built, along with the construction of the Canal du Marseille au Rhône in the early twentieth century, it was the longest tunnel of its kind in France, but its success was short-lived. After a catastrophic collapse in 1963, the tunnel was closed. The canal then became a redundant route and closed shortly after, although it does still remain today.
Hailed as Europe's first navigable canal tunnel, the Malpas tunnel was bored by hand in 1679 and took less than a month to complete under the direction of chief engineer Pierre-Paul Riquet. Just 12 years prior in 1667, construction of the Canal du Midi had begun and the tunnel provided a suitable passage through the hill of Hérault.
The site was also home to another tunnel (below the Malpas tunnel) dug in the middle ages to drain the nearby Étang de Montady, a former freshwater wetland and later on, in the nineteenth century yet another tunnel constructed (above the Malpas tunnel).
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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is a circular tunnel with a circumference of 27 kilometres (about 17 miles). The tunnel is located on the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland. Whilst it's not for cars, boats or trains, we felt it was such an impressive piece of underground engineering we had to include it!
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN was built underground for several reasons:
Rob Fearn
Editor - Alan Rogers Guides
Rob is the General Manager at Alan Rogers Travel Group, he is responsible for the ongoing development of the Alan Rogers website and publication of the Alan Rogers Guides.
He has been involved in the leisure industry since completing a BTEC in Travel & Tourism in 1993. Previous roles have included the promotion of tourism in Yorkshire and running a motorcycle touring company in the Australian Outback.
